Appraisal - Possible Topics for Research Paper

Appraisal - Possible Topics for Research PaperIt's no secret that you should avoid your Appraisal task as much as possible, but for a research paper it can sometimes be important to provide some appropriate topics. Research papers can be a real source of frustration if you're not careful with the topics that you choose, so here are a few topics that you may want to consider using.If you're writing a research paper on the Internet, you can often use a two-part approach. The first part is to define terms in your article so that they're in a clearly defined field, and the second part is to include some informative background material in your main body to make your article more approachable.Be aware that the research paper format limits you somewhat in your choices when it comes to the depth of material that you can include. Most people prefer to limit their article to a few pages at most, and the longer articles that are somewhat difficult to summarize. A research paper is usually struc tured to describe an interesting area of research and to include some further information about the concept or question, so there's plenty of room for more content after the conclusion.A research paper is also usually written in the first person, as this is the role of the author. Sometimes it's helpful to also include some information about yourself or your students in the text, as you will be remembered more easily if you have a clear picture of what you're saying.One common mistake that people make when they're preparing for a research paper is to offer too much information, and a good paper will not end up being so long that it's confusing and cluttered. Try to keep the content simple, clear, and to the point, and don't try to make it too convoluted or complicated.In addition to using appropriate topics, it's also important to make sure that you're using proper format for your research paper. It's a good idea to write your research paper in Microsoft Word with a spaced writing s tyle, with the correct header or body heading, and to include a simple heading at the beginning.An Appraisal is a difficult task to complete, but with proper planning and preparation you can get through it without too much trouble. If you follow the basic rules for writing research papers, you can write a very useful and well-informed Appraisal that will be quite helpful for your writing assignments.

DbQ Sample Essay - Is it Effective?

DbQ Sample Essay - Is it Effective?In this article I want to focus on a DBQ (Database-Backed Query Language) sample essay that will help you test the language skills you have built up over the years. DBQ is a programmable language that is built for writing database query languages. It is used in databases like MySQL, MS Access, and Microsoft SQL Server. It is often called a database-query language because it has the functions to manipulate SQL database, the lingua franca of database applications.The DBQ essay helps you practice your knowledge about databases. It is similar to a query-and-insert statement that is used to create and modify database tables and also to insert, update and delete database records. For most database applications, it is an imperative action that can be easily integrated into your scripts without much effort.In DBQ sample essay, you write a query that inserts a new record into a particular table and also lists all the records currently in the table. You also use the table number and other fields to help you identify the rows that you want to be modified. The name of the column is optional but you may use the names or initials of columns or fields that you want to modify.This DBQ sample essay is also very useful because it helps you to understand how queries are built. Queries are the main building blocks of database applications. The queries are designed to satisfy the requirements and lookups that the database needs. You can find a large number of them in different forms and for different types of databases.Database applications consist of multiple classes that interact with each other through their interfaces. Those interfaces are written in the programming language, which in this case is SQL. It provides many functions like insert, update, delete, group by and unique functions. The functions in DBQ sample essay are functions that correspond to different kinds of DB applications.You can follow this DBQ sample essay by creating a table that you will work with in your project. A table is an area where a series of records are stored. You would want to build up a good database history that will help you do some advanced tasks later on. Some tables contain the information about users, suppliers, organizations, and owners.There are two common queries that are easily created in DBQ: GROUP BY and ORDER BY. In order to use DBQ sample essay for the better, you should be familiar with the structure of a query and also about the SQL statements that use those queries. In DBQ, you do not have to know a programming language, you just need to know a good set of programs that help you write good database programs.

The Hidden Life Of Dogs Essay Research free essay sample

The Hidden Life Of Dogs Essay, Research Paper Book Review # 8220 ; The Hidden Life of Dogs # 8221 ; by Elizabeth Marshall Thomas The Hidden Life Of Dogs was written by Elizabeth Thomas who is presently good cognize and extremely re-spected for her books. Elizabeth Thomas was born in America and presently lives in New Hampshire. This is a book that is unlike any book of all time written as it takes the position from a different angle. It was foremost published in the United States in 1993 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Elizabeth has written five books, all best sellers. It is apparent that her success is due to her intense research as she has travelled the universe while composing her books. With international success, Elizabeth plans to go on her calling that presently seems to be skyrocketing. # 8220 ; The Hidden Life Of Dogs # 8221 ; was non merely any book. Clearly there was much more attempt involved. Get downing with an introductory character, Misha who was a Husky, began the book good. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hidden Life Of Dogs Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This book tried to acquire the thought across that humans knew merely really small about Canis familiariss and their forms. After intense observations on Misha, some thoughts were brought up. How did the Canis familiaris cognize how to traverse a main road on its ain? How did its navigational accomplishments work? How was it that this Canis familiaris knew precisely where it was and could go through different metropoliss without going lost and other Canis familiariss couldn? T? Continuing on to conveying in other Canis familiariss Elizabeth was analyzing, she pointed out that some had accomplishments that others did non. Misha was clearly able to voyage himself but when with another Canis familiaris, he would go lost. After careful observation it was seen that the other Canis familiaris could easy free path of where she was and mislead Misha. Another interesting subject covered is how Canis familiariss behave with each other. How they achieve their societal position, why some Canis familiariss wear? t become accepted and how they react to each other. By comparing the Canis familiariss with the wolves and dingoes some of the Canis familiariss # 8217 ; actions become clearer, but there is one thing a Canis familiaris truly wants and that is to be with others, and to love their proprietor. It was explained how a Canis familiaris defende d a bird and mouse in a coop from another aroused Canis familiaris in the same house. Likely accounts for this could be because the older Canis familiaris felt that the peace was non being maintained or possibly he knew that the mouse and bird were his master’s properties and he should protect them. The book goes on to explicating what occurs between the Canis familiariss when they mate, why some Canis familiariss kill their litter and many other subjects. The decision is rather brief, Elizabeth explains what happens to her Canis familiariss, how a Canis familiaris feels when her best mate dies and the relationship her Canis familiariss had with the wolves and prairie wolfs and their interactions. Each individual chapter of this book brings up a new issue and investigates it. The involvement is maintained throughout the book strictly because of the absorbing information given about this species, information that had non been studied before. The writer besides wrote in a clear cut manner, giving a solid and equal description of everything and so traveling on to new parts, non doing it deadening. Very few illustrations are used in the book, merely one in the beginning of each chapter. Illustrations in this book would hold small usage as there is no manner of truly depicting every action made by the Canis familiariss. Alternatively of illustrating, the book kept the text clear, non doing it confounding but easy to understand and exemplify in the head. In general, the book was at an first-class criterion, really easy to read, non excessively long and no major confusions. These little inside informations made the book gratifying to read every bit good as being utile information. The book # 8217 ; s aim, to give worlds better cognition about our close friend, did merely that. It achieved to demo that the Canis familiaris can be misunderstood for being stupid when truly it knows much more than we think it does. Clearly many tiring and endless hours have been put in to do this book a success and how it was done is truly astonishing. Elizabeth looked after more than 20 Canis familiariss, spent all her trim clip detecting them, walking with them until she saw why they did what they did. The concealed life of Canis familiariss was a great book that would maintain any reader at any age occupied and entertained.

Differences between New England and Chesapeake Colonies DOC essays

Differences between New England and Chesapeake Colonies DOC essays When the colonists settled America, many of them had different reasons, beliefs, and accomplishments to set for themselves. Whatever the reason, North and South, (New England and Chesapeake, respectively), evolved into two distinct societies, because of social, political, and economic reasons. Social life changed both colonies dramatically. First off, you have the New England settlers, who came to the Americas because of religious persecution in England and surrounding areas. As seen in Document A, John Winthrop states, We must knit together in this work as one man. This article basically defines the Puritan ways, and gave strength to the Puritans coming to the Americas. John Winthrop also states that their goal was to form "a city upon a hill", which represented a "pure" community, where Christianity would be pursued in the most correct manner. In Chesapeake, the reasons for coming to American werent because of the strict confines of the Anglican Church, it was because they were wealthy snobs and wanted even more. (by trying to find something valuable). Document F states that all everyone wanted to do was dig, wash, refine, and load gold. What a waste of time, because no one came out rich like the Spanish. Document D, a list of immigrants bound for New England, suggests family unity. Document E, however, for the Chesapeake, suggests no one thought for staying long, and well, that totally messed up things there. Also, more women came with the immigrants to New England. In Chesapeake, there must have been lots of schoolboy fights for girls. The religions were different (Puritanism in New England and Anglican in Virginia). Indians threatened both colonies, or thats how the colonists saw it. Massacring all the Indians wasnt right, but thats ok, we (Americans) were extremely stupid back then, but now, were only a slight level of idiocy. The Chesapeake, however, werent as violent with the ...

Group Characteristics and Development Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Characteristics and Development - Article Example Four of us had known each other before coming to the same university since we had all met at the various debating competitions which we had taken part in previously and won laurels for our respective institutions. Serisha was new to all the members because she had travelled all the way from India to study at our school. At one competition I had lost to Sera and Adam had lost to me, so Sera stood first, I stood second and Adam third. Consequently, we all shared a common passion for debating and respected each other’s debating style. Therefore, when we all met at school, we took no time in forming our group. It has been approximately 11 months now since we have all been a part of this group. Initially, it was evident that Serisha felt a little left out because the rest of us had some common experiences to share and talk about. The change which I feel exists now is that Serisha is as comfortable with us as we are with her. The basic tasks for which the group was formed was keepin g practice sessions, practicing for upcoming competitions, discussing a good public speaking video each week and coordinating with other sub-groups of the debating society and learning about their progress. All this work required a leader to take responsibility that the assigned work was done.

Final Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final Project - Case Study Example This is stated in her IEP, and is certainly the desire of her parents. Naturally, Emily will benefit from this as well as she can have normal interactions with her peers and not be subject to constant ‘extra classes’ that pull her away from valuable class time. There are various assistive technology devices that should help Emily. The first component that should provide needed sight assistance is a screen magnification system. Such a device will magnify information presented in class up to 20 times. At five years old, Emily will be learning a great deal about numbers and letters. She will also begin to write. This requires her to be able to adequately see what the teacher is doing, so that she can model after that. Screen magnification software does not have to take up much room and can be used at Emily’s desk. Another device that could be quite useful to Emily is a video magnifier. In the early childhood classroom, there will be many modern technological tools em ployed to assist in the teaching of reading and writing. A video magnifier will utilize closed circuit tv technology to make written text and small objects easier for her to see. As the teacher writes numbers and letters on the white board, it can be magnified on CCTV for Emily to easily see while sitting at her desk. Finally, a digital book reader can be utilized to play back stories or other lessons. Especially as Emily progress through school, she may not be able to read as quickly as her classmates. A digital book reader can help her receive extra time outside of class to catch up as the reader will provide audio versions of printed text. It is important that each of the assistive technology devices be implemented in a non-invasive way that does not draw undue attention to Emily. This will enable her to have a relatively normal classroom existence and she can then fit in with her peers a bit more cohesively. With proper care and the implementation of a few non-traditional instru ctional strategies, Emily should continue to thrive academically and be able to overcome her disability. Case Study #2 David shows all indications of being a bright young boy with a specific high-incidence disability. While his verbal skills appear to be great for the third grade, he is already exhibiting extreme difficulty in the areas of reading and writing. At this age, David is likely not interested in failing in front of his friends, so he appears unwilling to give any special effort. While it is not indicated in this particular case study, an IEP is likely being developed that focuses on tools in these areas to help David get back up to grade level in these critical areas. David could very well benefit from an assistive technology device that will help him to improve upon his below grade level reading skills. One such device is to utilize books and other publications that are in audio form. This can come in the form of, most commonly, CDs and MP3 Downloads. David can begin to listen to certain texts that are being used in his classroom. In so doing, he can begin to hear how words are pronounced and hopefully, over time, begin to improve upon his comprehension skills. There are many audio book readers on the market. In addition, there are subscription services that the school can be a member of that makes audio versions of texts available for

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Life in Daily Life Essay Introduction: Fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive of all the elements, with the highest electronegativity value on the periodic table. Because of this, it proved extremely difficult to isolate. Davy first identified it as an element, but was poisoned while trying unsuccessfully to decompose hydrogen fluoride. Two other chemists were also later poisoned in similar attempts, and one of them died as a result. French chemist Edmond Fremy (1814-1894) very nearly succeeded in isolating fluorine, and though he failed to do so, he inspired his student Henri Moissan (1852-1907) to continue the project. One of the problems involved in isolating this highly reactive element was the fact that it tends to attack any container in which it is placed: most metals, for instance, will burst into flames in the presence of fluorine. Like the others before him, Moissan set about to isolate fluorine from hydrogen fluoride by means of electrolysis—the use of an electric current to cause a chemical reaction—but in doing so, he used a platinum-iridium alloy that resisted attacks by fluorine. In 1906, he received the Nobel Prize for his work, and his technique is still used today in modified form. Properties And Uses Of Fluorine: A pale green gas of low density, fluorine can combine with all elements except some of the noble gases. Even water will burn in the presence of this highly reactive substance. Fluorine is also highly toxic, and can cause severe burns on contact, yet it also exists in harmless compounds, primarily in the mineral known as fluorspar, or calcium fluoride. The latter gives off a fluorescent light (fluorescence is the term for a type of light not accompanied by heat), and fluorine was named for the mineral that is one of its principal hosts. Beginning in the 1600s, hydrofluoric acid was used for etching glass, and is still used for that purpose today in the manufacture of products such as light bulbs. The oil industry uses it as a catalyst—a substance that speeds along a chemical reaction—to increase the octane number in gasoline. Fluorine is also used in a polymer commonly known as Teflon, which provides a non-stick surface for frying pans and other cooking-related products. Just as chlorine saw service in World War I, fluorine was enlisted in World War II to create a weapon far more terrifying than poison gas: the atomic bomb. Scientists working on the Manhattan Project, the United States effort to develop the bombs dropped on Japan in 1945, needed large quantities of the uranium-235 isotope. This they obtained in large part by diffusion of the compound uranium hexafluoride, which consists of molecules containing one uranium atom and six fluorine anions. Fluoridation Of Water: Long before World War II, health officials in the United States noticed that communities having high concentration of fluoride in their drinking water tended to suffer a much lower incidence of tooth decay. In some areas the concentration of fluoride in the water supply was high enough that it stained peoples teeth; still, at the turn of the century—an era when dental hygiene as we know it today was still in its infancy—the prevention of tooth decay was an attractive prospect. Perhaps, officials surmised, it would be possible to introduce smaller concentrations of fluoride into community drinking water, with a resulting improvement in overall dental health. After World War II, a number of municipalities around the United States ndertook the fluoridation of their water supplies, using concentrations as low as 1 ppm. Within a few years, fluoridation became a hotly debated topic, with proponents pointing to the potential health benefits and opponents arguing from the standpoint of issues not directly involved in science. It was an invasion of personal liberty, they said, for governments to force citizens to drink water which had been supplemented with a foreign substance. During the 1950s, in fact, fluoridation became associated in some circles with Communism—just another manifestation of a government trying to control its citizens. In later years, ironically, antifluoridation efforts became associated with groups on the political left rather than the right. By then, the argument no longer revolved around the issue of government power; instead the concern was for the health risks involved in introducing a substance lethal in large doses. Fluoride had meanwhile gained application in toothpastes. Colgate took the lead, introducing stannous fluoride in 1955. Three years later, the company launched a memorable advertising campaign with commercials in which a little girl showed her mother a report card from the dentist and announced Look, Ma!  No cavities! Within a few years, virtually all brands of toothpaste used fluoride; however, the use of fluoride in drinking water remained controversial. As late as 1993, in fact, the issue of fluoridation remained heated enough to spawn a study by the U. S. National Research Council. The council found some improvement in dental health, but not as large as had been claimed by early proponents of fluoridation. Furthermore, this improvement could be explained by reference to a number of other factors, including fluoride in toothpastes and a generally heightened awareness of dental health among the U.  S. populace. Chlorofluorocarbons : Another controversial application of fluorine is its use, along with chlorine and carbon, in chlorofluorocarbons. As noted above, CFCs have been used in refrigerants and propellants; another application is as a blowing agent for polyurethane foam. This continued for several decades, but in the 1980s, environmentalists became concerned over depletion of the ozone layer high in Earths atmosphere. Unlike ordinary oxygen (O 2 ), ozone or O 3 is capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, which would otherwise be harmful to human life. It is believed that CFCs catalyze the conversion of ozone to oxygen, and that this may explain the ozone hole, which is particularly noticeable over the Antarctic in September and October. As a result, a number of countries signed an agreement in 1996 to eliminate the manufacture of halocarbons, or substances containing halogens and carbon. Manufacturers in countries that signed this agreement, known as the Montreal Protocol, have developed CFC substitutes, most notably hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), CFC-like compounds also containing hydrogen atoms. The ozone-layer question is far from settled, however. Critics argue that in fact the depletion of the ozone layer over Antarctica is a natural occurrence, which may explain why it only occurs at certain times of year. This may also explain why it happens primarily in Antarctica, far from any place where humans have been using CFCs. (Ozone depletion is far less significant in the Arctic, which is much closer to the population centers of the industrialized world. ) In any case, natural sources, such as volcano eruptions, continue to add halogen compounds to the atmosphere. Introduction: Chlorine is a highly poisonous gas, greenish-yellow in color, with a sharp smell that induces choking in humans. Yet, it can combine with other elements to form compounds safe for human consumption. Most notable among these compounds is salt, which has been used as a food preservative since at least 3000 B. C. Salt, of course, occurs in nature. By contrast, the first chlorine compound made by humans was probably hydrochloric acid, created by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water. The first scientist to work with hydrochloric acid was Persian physician and alchemist Rhazes (ar-Razi; c. 64-c. 935), one of the most outstanding scientific minds of the medieval period. Alchemists, who in some ways were the precursors of true chemists, believed that base metals such as iron could be turned into gold. Of course this is not possible, but alchemists in about 1200 did at least succeed in dissolving gold using a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids known as aqua regia. The first modern scientist to work with chlorine was Swedish chemist Carl W. Scheele (1742-1786), who also discovered a number of other elements and compounds, including barium, manganese, oxygen, ammonia, and glycerin. However, Scheele, who isolated it in 1774, thought that chlorine was a compound; only in 1811 did English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) identify it as an element. Another chemist had suggested the name halogen for the alleged compound, but Davy suggested that it be called chlorine instead, after the Greek word chloros , which indicates a sickly yellow color. Uses Of Chlorine: The dangers involved with chlorine have made it an effective substance to use against stains, plants, animals—and even human beings. Chlorine gas is highly irritating to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and lungs, and it can be detected in air at a concentration of only 3 parts per million (ppm). The concentrations of chlorine used against troops on both sides in World War I (beginning in 1915) was, of course, much higher. Thanks to the use of chlorine gas and other antipersonnel agents, one of the most chilling images to emerge from that conflict was of soldiers succumbing to poisonous gas. Yet just as it is harmful to humans, chlorine can be harmful to microbes, thus preserving human life. As early as 1801, it had been used in solutions as a disinfectant; in 1831, its use in hospitals made it effective as a weapon against a cholera epidemic that swept across Europe. Another well-known use of chlorine is as a bleaching agent. Until 1785, when chlorine was first put to use as a bleach, the only way to get stains and unwanted colors out of textiles or paper was to expose them to sunlight, not always an effective method. By contrast, chlorine, still used as a bleach today, can be highly effective—a good reason not to use regular old-fashioned bleach on anything other than white clothing. Since the 1980s, makers of bleaches have developed all-color versions to brighten and take out stains from clothing of other colors. ) Calcium hydrocholoride (CaOCl), both a bleaching powder and a disinfectant used in swimming pools, combines both the disinfectant and bleaching properties of chlorine. This and the others discussed here are just some of many, many compounds formed with the highly reactive element chlorine. Particularly notable—and controversial—are compounds involving chlorine and carbon. Chlorine And Organic Compounds: Chlorine bonds well with organic substances, or those containing carbon. In a number of instances, chlorine becomes part of an organic polymer such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride), used for making synthetic pipe. Chlorine polymers are also applied in making synthetic rubber, or neoprene. Due to its resistance to heat, oxidation, and oils, neoprene is used in a number of automobile parts. The bonding of chlorine with substances containing carbon has become increasingly controversial because of concerns over health and the environment, and in some cases chlorine-carbon compounds have been outlawed. Such was the fate of DDT, a pesticide soluble in fats and oils rather than in water. When it was discovered that DDT was carcinogenic, or cancer-causing, in humans and animals, its use in the United States was outlawed. Other, less well-known, chlorine-related insecticides have likewise been banned due to their potential for harm to human life and the environment. Among these are chlorine-containing materials once used for dry cleaning. Also notable is the role of chlorine in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have been used in refrigerants such as Freon, and in propellants for aerosol sprays.  CFCs tend to evaporate easily, and concerns over their effect on Earths atmosphere have led to the phasing out of their use. Introduction: Bromine is a foul-smelling reddish-brown liquid whose name is derived from a Greek word meaning stink. With a boiling point much lower than that of water—137. 84 °F (58. 8 °C)—it readily transforms into a gas. Like other halogens, its vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and throat. It is found primarily in deposits of brine, a solution of salt and water. Among the most significant brine deposits are in Israels Dead Sea, as well as in Arkansas and Michigan. Credit for the isolation of bromine is usually given to French chemist Antoine-Jerome Balard (1802-1876), though in fact German chemist Carl Lowig (1803-1890) actually isolated it first, in 1825. However, Balard, who published his results a year later, provided a much more detailed explanation of bromines properties. The first use of bromine actually predated both men by several millennia. To make their famous purple dyes, the Phoenicians used murex mollusks, which contained bromine. (Like the names of the halogens, the word Phoenicians is derived from Greek—in this case, a word meaning red or purple, which referred to their dyes. Today bromine is also used in dyes, and other modern uses include applications in pesticides, disinfectants, medicines, and flame retardants. At one time, a compound containing bromine was widely used by the petroleum industry as an additive for gasoline containing lead. Ethylene dibromide reacts with the lead released by gasoline to form lead bromide (PbBr 2 ), referred to as a scavenger, because it tends to clean the emissions of lead-containing gasoline. However, leaded gasoline was phased out during the late 1970s and early 1980s; as a result, demand for ethylene dibromide dropped considerably. Halogen Lamps: The name halogen is probably familiar to most people because of the term halogen lamp. Used for automobile headlights, spotlights, and floodlights, the halogen lamp is much more effective than ordinary incandescent light. Incandescent heat-producing light was first developed in the 1870s and improved during the early part of the twentieth century with the replacement of carbon by tungsten as the principal material in the filament, the area that is heated. Tungsten proved much more durable than carbon when heated, but it has a number of problems when combined with the gases in an incandescent bulb. As the light bulb continues to burn for a period of time, the tungsten filament begins to thin and will eventually break. At the same time, tungsten begins to accumulate on the surface of the bulb, dimming its light. However, by adding bromine and other halogens to the bulbs gas filling—thus making a halogen lamp—these problems are alleviated. As tungsten evaporates from the filament, it combines with the halogen to form a gaseous compound that circulates within the bulb. Instead of depositing on the surface of the bulb, the compound remains a gas until it comes into contact with the filament and breaks down. It is then redeposited on the filament, and the halogen gas is free to combine with newly evaporated tungsten. Though a halogen bulb does eventually break down, it lasts much longer than an ordinary incandescent bulb and burns with a much brighter light. Also, because of the decreased tungsten deposits on the surface, it does not begin to dim as it nears the end of its life. Introduction: First isolated in 1811 from ashes of seaweed, iodine has a name derived from the Greek word meaning violet-colored—a reference to the fact it forms dark purple crystals.  During the 1800s, iodine was obtained commercially from mines in Chile, but during the twentieth century wells of brine in Japan, Oklahoma, and Michigan have proven a better source. Uses And Applications: Among the best-known properties of iodine is its importance in the human diet. The thyroid gland produces a growth-regulating hormone that contains iodine, and lack of iodine can cause a goiter, a swelling around the neck. Table salt does not naturally contain iodine; however, sodium chloride sold in stores usually contains about 0. 01% sodium iodide, added by the manufacturer. Iodine was once used in the development of photography: During the early days of photographic technology, the daguerreotype process used silver plates sensitized with iodine vapors. Iodine compounds are used today in chemical analysis and in synthesis of organic compounds. Introduction: Just as fluorine has the distinction of being the most reactive, astatine is the rarest of all the elements. Long after its existence was predicted, chemists still had no luck finding it in nature, and it was only created in 1940 by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles (positively charged helium nuclei). The newly isolated element was given a Greek name meaning unstable. Indeed, none of astatines 20 known isotopes is stable, and the longest-lived has a half-life of only 8. 3 hours. This has only added to the difficulties involved in learning about this strange element, and therefore it is difficult to say what applications, if any, astatine may have. The most promising area involves the use of astatine to treat a condition known as hyperthyroidism, related to an overly active thyroid gland.